Journal: Neurology International

Article Title: Pain and the Brain: A Systematic Review of Methods, EEG Biomarkers, Limitations, and Future Directions

doi: 10.3390/neurolint17040046

Figure Lengend Snippet: Summary of participants, study equipment, and stimulation methods.

Article Snippet: Beck B et al. (2019) [ ] , Healthy Right–handed Non–Sensitive Dark Skin Male and Female Age: 19–37 [57 participants] , ActiveTwo system (Biosemi, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) 64 channels , 2 sessions EEG recording for each block [1024 Hz] , 5 electrode Electrooculogram (artifact removal) Skin Temperature Measurement , CO 2 laser (LSD, SIFEC, Ferrières, Belgium): wavelength (10.6 μm), spot size (6 mm diameter), 100 ms Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (Digitimer, Welwyn Garden City, UK): DS5 isolated bipolar current stimulator, square wave pulse, 10 ms. Recorded using Labview 2012 (National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA) , N/A or not mentioned in study.

Techniques: Sampling, Blocking Assay, Isolation, Biomarker Discovery, Injection, Software, Control, Activity Assay, Western Blot, Inhibition, Tomography

Journal: Neurology International

Article Title: Pain and the Brain: A Systematic Review of Methods, EEG Biomarkers, Limitations, and Future Directions

doi: 10.3390/neurolint17040046

Figure Lengend Snippet: Summary of study features, methods, findings, and limitations.

Article Snippet: Beck B et al. (2019) [ ] , Healthy Right–handed Non–Sensitive Dark Skin Male and Female Age: 19–37 [57 participants] , ActiveTwo system (Biosemi, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) 64 channels , 2 sessions EEG recording for each block [1024 Hz] , 5 electrode Electrooculogram (artifact removal) Skin Temperature Measurement , CO 2 laser (LSD, SIFEC, Ferrières, Belgium): wavelength (10.6 μm), spot size (6 mm diameter), 100 ms Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (Digitimer, Welwyn Garden City, UK): DS5 isolated bipolar current stimulator, square wave pulse, 10 ms. Recorded using Labview 2012 (National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA) , N/A or not mentioned in study.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Transformation Assay, Control, Injection, Mann-Whitney U-Test, Comparison, Plasmid Preparation, Biomarker Discovery, Functional Assay, Activation Assay, Imaging, Inhibition, Derivative Assay, Sampling, Medications, Selection, Standard Deviation

Journal: Neurology International

Article Title: Pain and the Brain: A Systematic Review of Methods, EEG Biomarkers, Limitations, and Future Directions

doi: 10.3390/neurolint17040046

Figure Lengend Snippet: A visual summary of the different methods used to induce pain states experimentally: a CO 2 laser is used as a heat stimulus, but similar effects can be achieved through the CHEPS. The participant’s hand is submerged in ice water for the CPT method. Intra-epidermal electrical stimulation consists of needles that penetrate the skin to deliver electrical stimuli. Mechanical stimulation often consists of using a weighted pinprick or a probe to apply pressure to the skin. Nerve growth factor is used to increase pain sensitivity around the area of injection by decreasing pain thresholds. This is why it may be paired with one of the other mentioned techniques.

Article Snippet: Beck B et al. (2019) [ ] , Healthy Right–handed Non–Sensitive Dark Skin Male and Female Age: 19–37 [57 participants] , ActiveTwo system (Biosemi, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) 64 channels , 2 sessions EEG recording for each block [1024 Hz] , 5 electrode Electrooculogram (artifact removal) Skin Temperature Measurement , CO 2 laser (LSD, SIFEC, Ferrières, Belgium): wavelength (10.6 μm), spot size (6 mm diameter), 100 ms Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (Digitimer, Welwyn Garden City, UK): DS5 isolated bipolar current stimulator, square wave pulse, 10 ms. Recorded using Labview 2012 (National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA) , N/A or not mentioned in study.

Techniques: Injection